引理配置有哪些要求 引理配置有要求解析?

整理:游戏131
作者:网络收集 时间:2019-09-20 15:30:32

求问数学中所说的“引理”是什么东西?不要复制百科...

1、引理是:①已被证明的定理,如三角形三边间的关系定理。②不需证明(不证自明)的公理,如“两点之间线段最短”,可作为证明“三角形两边之和大于第三边”的引理。
2、引理与定理没有严格区分,它其实就是定理,只是提法不同而已。正如以前人教版有“公理”的提法,而在此前或现在某些版本就没有公理之说了。顾名思义,所谓引理,就是可以引用它来证明其它定理的定理,是大家公认的有说服力的理论依据。
已经学过(被证明过)的引理(定理)可直接作为证明其它定理(命题)的理论依据;尚未学过(或未被证明)的定理则不能作为推理依据,例如没学射影定理之前不能用它来证勾股定理,而学了之后就可以了,这说明与编排顺序还有一定关系。
总而言之,很多东西都有人为的因素,不是一成不变的。

什么是谢泼特引理,如何理解谢泼特引理

Time Bandits (1981) 时光大盗

:terry gilliam (特里 吉列姆)
编剧:terry gilliam (特里 吉列姆)
michael palin (迈克尔 佩林)
国家:英国
类型:荒诞/冒险/喜剧

演员:约翰 克里斯 (john cleese) robin hood
肖恩 康纳利 (sean connery) king agamemnon / fireman
谢利 杜瓦尔 (shelley duvall) pansy
凯瑟琳 赫尔曼德 (katherine helmond) mrs. ogre
伊恩 霍尔姆 (ian holm) napoleon
迈克尔 佩林 (michael palin) vincent
拉尔夫 理查森 (ralph richardson) supreme being
peter vaughan winston the ogre
戴维 沃纳 (david warner) evil

剧情简介:
《奇幻城市》特里.吉列姆早年的成名作,是一部幻想力丰富的科幻片,描写一名英国小孩跟随一名时光大盗率领的六个小矮人作穿越时空的旅行,发生了几段有趣的故事。客串演出的明星颇多,包括肖恩.康纳利、谢莉.杜瓦尔等。可惜的是全片处理手法比较严肃和规矩,倾向英国片一贯的冷调,不像好莱坞电影弄得那么热闹缤纷,电影特技也没有太惊人的表现。

佐恩引理解析

具体来说,假设(P, <)是一个偏序集,它的一个子集T称为是一个全序子集,如果对于任意的s, t ∈T,s < t或t < s二者中有且仅有一个成立。而T称为是有上界的,如果P中存在一个元素u,使得对于任意的t ∈T,都有t < u。在上述定义中,并不要求u一定是T中的元素。而一个元素m ∈T称为是最大的,如果x ∈T且x ge m,则必然有x = m。
佐恩引理,良序定理(well-ordering theorem)和选择公理(axiom of choice)彼此等价,在集合论的Zermelo-Fraenkel公理(Zermelo-Fraenkel axiom of set theory)基础上,上述三者中从任一出发均可推得另外两个。佐恩引理在数学的各个分支中都有重要地位,例如在证明泛函分析(Functional Analysis)的罕-巴那赫定理(Hahn-Banach Theorem)、断言任一向量空间必有基,拓扑学中证明紧空间的乘积空间仍为紧空间的Tychonoff定理,和抽象代数中证明任何环必然有极大理想和任何域必然有代数闭包的过程中,佐恩引理都起到了关键性作用。
佐恩引理的一个典型应用是证明任何一个环R必然有极大理想。用P来表示R的所有真理想(即R的所有双边理想,且该理想是R的真子集)。在P中引入一个偏序,定义为集合的包含关系,那么P中必然有一个极大元素,并且这个元素是R的真子集,从而R有一个极大理想。
为了应用佐恩引理,需要证明P的任何一个全序子集T都有一个上界,即存在一个理想I满足I is subset of R并且I比T中任何一个元素都大,但I并非R本身。现取I为T中所有理想的并。可以证明,I是一个理想:如果a和b是I中的两个元素,那么必然存在T中两个理想J, K ∈T满足a ∈J, b ∈K。注意T是一个全序集,所以必然有J is subset of K或者K is subset of J,从而必然有a, b ∈J或a, b ∈I二者居其一,从而a + b ∈I。进一步,对于任何r ∈R, a ∈I都可以证明ra ∈I。由此,I成为R的一个理想。
现在考虑证明的核心部分:利用I = R充要于1 ∈I,可以证明I一定是R的真子集。因为如果1 ∈I,那么必然有某个J ∈T满足1 ∈J,这意味着J = R,这与T的选取是矛盾的。
这样,利用佐恩引理,P必然包含一个最大元素,而这个元素就是R的一个极大理想。
注意这个结论只在R是单位环的时候成立,在R不是单位环的情形下,一般而言这个结论是不成立的。
假设佐恩引理不成立,那么存在一个偏序集P使得它的任何一个全序子集都有上界,但P中任何元素都不是最大元素。因此,对于任何一个全序子集T,可以定义一个元素b(T),使其大于T的上界。为了确保这样的定义是可以实现的,必须首先承认选择公理。
利用上面定义的函数b,可以定义一个序列a_0 < a_1 < dots ,这里作为下标的指标集不仅可以是自然数,也可以是所有序数。事实上,可以将序列构造得“足够长”使得其甚至多于P本身,因为序数是可以多于任何集合的基数的,因此P将被这个序列穷尽,从而导出一个矛盾。
上述的序列可以利用超限归纳法构造:a_0可以选择为P中任意元素(这样的选择是可行的,原因是P至少包含空集的一个上界,从而P是非空的),而对于任意一个序数w,定义a_w = b({a_v mid v < w}),注意a_v是全序的,所以a_w的定义是合理的。
事实上这个证明的结论略强于佐恩引理:
如果P是一个偏序集,并且它的任何一个良序子集都有上界,那么对于P的任意元素x而言,P中有一个大于等于x的最大元素。换言之,存在一个可以与x比较的最大元素。

Schur引理的内容是什么??~~

Schur引理说,两个不可约表示V,W之间的A模同态这个线性空间的维数,如果V同构于W,就是1,否则是0。维数是1就是说是数乘映射。
如果V是不可约的,V和W之间模同态这个线性空间的大小是很重要的,如果这个空间维数很大,那么W里面就应该含有很多个V的拷贝,并且dimHom_A(V,W)就是W里面所含V的个数,这个是Schur引理告诉我们的

引理和推理有什么不同?

引理→Lemma
是辅助定理(auxiliary theorem),是为了叙述主要的定理而事先叙述的基本概念(concept)、基本原理(principle)、基本规则(rule)、基本特性(property).

推理→Deduce,Deduction
是证明的过程(proving),逻辑推理的过程(logic reasoning),也就是前提推演(derive,deduce)出一个定理(theorem)的过程(process,procedure).

公理(Axiom)是不需要证明的立论、陈述(statement),例如:过一点可画无数条直线;过两点只可画一条直线。

定理是理论(theory)的核心,在科学上,定律(Law)是不可以证明的,是无法证明的。从定律出发,得出一系列的定理,通常我们又将定理称为公式(formula),它们是物理量跟物理量(physical quantity)之间的关系,是一种恒等式关系(identity),不同于普通的方程(equation),普通的方程是有条件的成立(conditional equation),如x+2=5,只有x=3才能满足。如电磁学上的高斯定理指的是电荷分布与电场强度分布的关系。数学上的Law指的是运算规则,如分配律、结合律、交换律、传递律等等,theorem指的也是量与量(variable)之间的关系,如勾股定理、相交弦定理等等。微积分中高斯定理,是将电磁场中的高斯定理进一步理论化,变成面积分与体积分之间的关系。

由定理、运算规则,加以拓展,形成理论。

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